私は北海道大学と立教大学で学び、その後はウィスコンシン大学(University of WIsconsin-Madison)で学位をとり、国立特殊教育総合研究所と兵庫教育大学で仕事をしました。ですが日本の大学の図書館司書(librarian)の世話になったことは全くありません。コンピュータやネットワークの無い時代。手作業で芋づる式に参考文献を探しました。司書の活用を知らなかったといえばそれまでですが、、、
今回の話題は図書館司書の専門性と養成についてです。司書は図書館情報学の知識と技術を活かして、図書館利用者のニーズに応える役割を担っています。振り返ると日米の大学の違いは、大袈裟にいえば図書館司書の専門性、図書館の市民の認知度、そして図書館学(library of science)の認識にあるのではないかと考えます。
知人の一人が公共図書館の司書をしています。彼女からその任務を伺いながら、日本と欧米の図書館司書養成の仕組みや課題を考えました。近年は図書館の果たす役割と情報の関わりが深くなり、両者を一体的に扱う図書館情報学(library and information science)も注目されています。現代の図書館は、知識を提供したりそれを得る場所から、格差や孤独など教育や福祉に関連した社会課題を解決する拠点へと進化しています。
「ドチリナ・キリシタン」というのは、戦国時代から江戸時代初期にかけて、イエズス会(Jesuits)の宣教師たちが日本での布教のために作成したキリスト教の初歩的な教理書(カテキズム: Catechism)です。もとは、ローマ・カテキズム(The Roman Catechism)というローマ公教要理に依拠しています。江戸時代の禁教期、キリスト教の教えを記した書籍が没収・焼却されるなか、信者たちが口伝、あるいは書き写して守り抜いたものといわれます。キリシタン史研究の権威であったc教授による校注や現代語訳は、難解な古語や宗教用語を理解するための重要な資料となっています。
King Charles’ first visit to the United States since his accession to the throne seems to have impressed many Americans. His speeches to both houses of Congress were not merely diplomatic formalities, but imbued with a spirit and determination to bravely confront the various challenges facing the world today. Throughout his speeches, members of Congress repeatedly rose to their feet and applauded, expressing their respect, admiration, and praise.
The speeches were temporarily interrupted by the standing ovations, during which the members of Congress must have been contemplating the current turmoil in American governance and their suspicions and resentment towards another king. This king had never received such a standing ovation from Democratic members of Congress during his speeches.Even Republican lawmakers rose to their feet and applauded, so he must have been gnashing his teeth.
During his speeches, King Charles did not mention the name of this other king. This was a matter of royal pride and courtesy. In diplomacy, one does not name the target of criticism. However, in the context of King Charles’ speeches, the members of Congress could easily imagine the other king, President Trump, who has made numerous harsh remarks.
King Charles’ speech draft was originally written in consultation with the king by a speechwriter who could be described as a historian. It appears that the speech was based on a thorough examination of past British-American relations, in order to construct and present a story that would resonate with the audience.
Historically, Britain and its colonies, America, had a relationship akin to brotherhood. In the 1760s, Britain was under the rule of George III. He maintained absolute sovereignty and consistently imposed a hardline policy on the colonies. He held the belief that “colonies should be subordinate to the mother country.” This manifested as “mercantilism” and the accompanying “increased taxation” of the colonies. The colonies sent petitions for reconciliation, but George III rejected them, declaring them “rebels.”
The struggle for hegemony between Britain and France in the Americas in the 1700s is known as the “North American Colonial Wars.” These conflicts, linked to wars in Europe, involved repeated clashes but ultimately ended in an overwhelming British victory. King George III prioritized military force over dialogue, even hiring mercenaries from Germany to intervene in colonial administration. This hardline stance led the colonists, who had previously revered the king personally, to perceive him as a tyrant, contributing to the Declaration of Independence.
A witty joke exchanged between the two kings at a White House dinner has become a topic of discussion. It was in response to President Trump’s speech at the Davos conference, where he stated that “if America hadn’t existed in World War II, European countries would have spoken German.” King Charles responded by saying, “If I may say so, if Britain hadn’t existed, you would all have spoken French,” a humorous indirect reference to Britain’s role in eliminating French influence during the colonial wars.
King Charles’s recent visit to the United States appears to have been an opportunity to subtly demonstrate Britain’s position while offering respectful praise to the other side. This is evident in his speeches to Parliament and his reciprocal speech at the dinner in the White House.
勝海舟のことです。幕府は洋式海軍をおこすべく正式にオランダに海軍教師団の派遣を要請します。やがて1857年に教師団がやってきます。その団長がウイレム・ホイセン・カッテンディーケ(Willem Huijssen van Kattendijke)と言う中佐でした。カッテンディーケは、徳川幕府が発注した軍艦ヤーパン号、後の咸臨丸を長崎に回航した武官です。幕府が開いた長崎海軍伝習所の第2次教官となります。彼の貢献は、勝海舟、榎本武揚などの幕臣に、航海術・砲術・測量術など近代海軍教育を精力的に行ったことです。
The Goshikizakura (five-colored cherry blossoms) along the Potomac River in Washington D.C. are in full bloom. Originally, Goshikizakura was a general term for cherry trees planted along the Arakawa River embankment in what is now Adachi Ward, Tokyo. During the Meiji era, not only Somei Yoshino cherry trees but also approximately 78 varieties of other diverse village cherry trees were planted, and their diverse colors made them world-famous as “Arakawa’s Goshikizakura.” Many of the 3,000 cherry trees gifted from Japan to Washington D.C. in 1912 were grown from saplings along this Arakawa River embankment.
(住友林業グループより引用)
However, the original Goshikizakura in Japan faced extinction due to unfortunate circumstances. These included environmental degradation from factory emissions and urban development, felling during Arakawa River improvement work, and damage from World War II. As a result, almost all of Tokyo’s Goshikizakura were lost.
After the war, there was a movement in Japan to revive the beautiful Goshikizakura of yesteryear, but the original varieties were no longer available within Japan. Therefore, noticing that the cherry trees gifted to Washington were still thriving while maintaining their original lineage, it was decided to request branches from Washington. In 1952, during the renovation of the Arakawa River embankment, the first branches were gifted from Washington. In 1981, a larger-scale return of the trees, known as “Reagan Cherry Trees,” took place, with trees being planted in Adachi Ward and other areas.
During the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, several cherry trees were cut down in Washington due to hostility towards Japan. There were even extreme calls to “uproot all the cherry trees.” However, many American citizens and those involved protected the trees, stating that “the trees are innocent” and “these cherry trees are symbols of peace and friendship.” During the war, efforts were made to preserve this beautiful landscape, such as changing the name from “Japanese cherry trees” to “Oriental cherry trees.”
近代的な法律学を輸入した人物に穂積陳重がいます。彼はイギリスとドイツに留学し、日本の民法起草に携わりました。医学面では北里柴三郎がいます。ドイツ留学にしコッホ(Heinrich Robert Koch)に師事して、細菌学や血清療法を導入します。ペスト菌の発見や血清療法の確立など、日本の近代医学や公衆衛生を世界レベルに引き上げるのです。建築の分野に辰野金吾がいます。イギリスに留学しジョサイア・コンドル(Josiah Conder)に学び、後に赤レンガの東京駅などを設計した建築家です。科学の分野では高峰譲吉がイギリスに留学し化学工業の基礎を築き、アドレナリンを発見するのです。芸術の分野に黒田清輝がいます。フランスに留学し印象派の明るい作風を日本画壇に持ち込み、後に「洋画の父」と呼ばれるのです。
MMT:Modern Monetary Theory MMTは現代貨幣理論と呼ばれています。この話題は既に前稿で取り上げています。通貨発行権を持つ国家は債務返済に充てる通貨を自在に創出できることから、「財源確保のための徴税は必要ではない」、「財政赤字で国は破綻しない」、「インフレにならない限り国債はいくら発行しても問題はない」と主張するのです。MMTはケインズ(John M. Keynes) 経済学の流れを汲むマクロ経済学理論のひとつで、「政府の財源は税と債券発行によって調達すべき」、「赤字拡大が続けば国は破綻する」という主流派経済学の見方に対抗しています。
CEFP: Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy 経済財政諮問会議の略語です。この諮問会議は、日本の内閣府に設置され重要政策に関する事案を協議します。この会議では、最終的に経済財政運営と改革の基本方針、いわゆる骨太の方針がとりまとめられ、予算方針に反映されます。会議の成員は、議長と10人以内の議員から成ります。民間有識者数を議員の4割以上確保することが法により定められています。ですが、議員の内2人は日本経団連幹部であり、経団連の利害が強く反映されているのではないかという批判があります。
銀行がどのようにお金を作り出すか、という過程は私どもの直感とは少し異なるため、非常に興味深い話題です。一般的には「誰かが預けたお金を、銀行が別の人に貸し出している(又貸し)」と思われがちです。しかし、現代の貨幣論、特にイングランド銀行(Bank of England) などの中央銀行も認めている見解では、「貸し出しによって預金が生まれる」と考えます。これを「信用創造(credit creation)」と呼びます。
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