Wikipediaによりますと、古代アナトリア(Anatolia)、現在のトルコ周辺の「リュディア」(Lydia)や古代イタリアの「エトルリア(Etruria)」、アルジェリアの「ウレド・ナイル族(Ouled Naïl)では、思春期(puberty)の通過儀礼(rite of passage)や持参金(dowry)を得る手段として少女に売春が求められたこともあり、特定の階級の巫女に売春を義務付けた宗教さえ存在しました。
1860年代以降、禁酒運動(temperance movement) や女性参政権運動と連携する形で、売春反対運動が活発化しました。売春を目的とした女性人身売買を根絶するための国際的な協力体制は1899年に始まりました。1921年には国際連盟(League of Nations)が「婦人児童売買問題委員会」を設置し、1949年には国連総会が売春の抑制に関する条約を採択しました。
嫌煙権(Right to a smoke-free environment) 論争と慰安婦問題は似ているといわれます。その理由を考えてみます。嫌煙権論争の本質は、単なる「タバコの煙が好きか嫌いか」という個人の嗜好の問題ではなく、公共の空間における個人の権利と自由の衝突であり、ひいては法や社会規範が個人の私的行為にどこまで介入すべきか、という対立にあります。
近代社会の基本原則には、「他人に危害を与えない限り、個人の自由は保障される」という危害原理(John Stuart Mill)があります。やがてマナーだった時代からお互い譲り合いましょうという道徳論への発展します。健康被害が証明され、 喫煙が 他者への明確な加害行為とみなされるようになり、嫌煙権側が法的・社会的な規制を求める強力な正当性を得ました。
日本の学術界を大きく変えかもしれないといわれる国際卓越研究大学(卓越大- University for International Research Excellence)制度について解説します。卓越大とは、日本から世界トップレベルの研究力を発揮する大学を育てるために、国が新たに創設した研究開発支援の認定制度です
① 「減税」はせず、まずは「給付一本化」へ 本来の給付付き税額控除は「税金から引き、引ききれない分を現金給付する」という2本立てですが、これを行うと税務署の計算が複雑になりすぎます。そのため、現在の実務者協議では「当面は税額控除はせず、個人の所得に応じた給付に一本化する」という方向で調整が進められています。これにより、事務コストを大幅に抑える狙いがあります。
② 対象を「働いている中低所得者」に限定し高齢者らは対象外 資産を持っているのに給付されてしまう不正や注意義務や倫理観が薄れるモラルハザードを防ぐため、対象を「現役の働く中低所得層」に絞る方針が強まっています。つまり、年金受給者や生活保護世帯などは原則として対象外とし、「勤労所得」に応じて給付額を変動させる仕組みです。
③ 「年収の壁」の解消と「子育て世帯」への重点配分 財務省としても、単なるバラマキではなく「労働不足の解消」につながる政策であれば、予算を投じる大義名分が立ちます。そのため、収入が増えるほど手取りがなめらかに増える設計し、働くほど損をする『年収の壁』の解消し、さらに「子育て世帯」には給付額を上乗せして所得上限を引き上げるなど、少子化対策と連動させる形で決着がはかられるかもしれません。
King Charles’ first visit to the United States since his accession to the throne seems to have impressed many Americans. His speeches to both houses of Congress were not merely diplomatic formalities, but imbued with a spirit and determination to bravely confront the various challenges facing the world today. Throughout his speeches, members of Congress repeatedly rose to their feet and applauded, expressing their respect, admiration, and praise.
The speeches were temporarily interrupted by the standing ovations, during which the members of Congress must have been contemplating the current turmoil in American governance and their suspicions and resentment towards another king. This king had never received such a standing ovation from Democratic members of Congress during his speeches.Even Republican lawmakers rose to their feet and applauded, so he must have been gnashing his teeth.
During his speeches, King Charles did not mention the name of this other king. This was a matter of royal pride and courtesy. In diplomacy, one does not name the target of criticism. However, in the context of King Charles’ speeches, the members of Congress could easily imagine the other king, President Trump, who has made numerous harsh remarks.
King Charles’ speech draft was originally written in consultation with the king by a speechwriter who could be described as a historian. It appears that the speech was based on a thorough examination of past British-American relations, in order to construct and present a story that would resonate with the audience.
Historically, Britain and its colonies, America, had a relationship akin to brotherhood. In the 1760s, Britain was under the rule of George III. He maintained absolute sovereignty and consistently imposed a hardline policy on the colonies. He held the belief that “colonies should be subordinate to the mother country.” This manifested as “mercantilism” and the accompanying “increased taxation” of the colonies. The colonies sent petitions for reconciliation, but George III rejected them, declaring them “rebels.”
The struggle for hegemony between Britain and France in the Americas in the 1700s is known as the “North American Colonial Wars.” These conflicts, linked to wars in Europe, involved repeated clashes but ultimately ended in an overwhelming British victory. King George III prioritized military force over dialogue, even hiring mercenaries from Germany to intervene in colonial administration. This hardline stance led the colonists, who had previously revered the king personally, to perceive him as a tyrant, contributing to the Declaration of Independence.
A witty joke exchanged between the two kings at a White House dinner has become a topic of discussion. It was in response to President Trump’s speech at the Davos conference, where he stated that “if America hadn’t existed in World War II, European countries would have spoken German.” King Charles responded by saying, “If I may say so, if Britain hadn’t existed, you would all have spoken French,” a humorous indirect reference to Britain’s role in eliminating French influence during the colonial wars.
King Charles’s recent visit to the United States appears to have been an opportunity to subtly demonstrate Britain’s position while offering respectful praise to the other side. This is evident in his speeches to Parliament and his reciprocal speech at the dinner in the White House.
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